7.1.3

The New Deal =7.1.3 Need to Reed= Explain and evaluate Roosevelt’s New Deal Policies including [|7.1.3 Partner Assignment.pages]
 * expanding the federal government’s responsibilities to protect the environment (e.g., Dust Bowl and the Tennessee Valley), meet challenges of unemployment, address the needs of workers, farmers, poor, and elderly
 * opposition to the New Deal and the impact of the Supreme Court in striking down and then accepting New Deal laws
 * consequences of New Deal policies (e.g., promoting workers’ rights, development of Social Security program, and banking and ﬁnancial regulation conservation practices, crop subsidies)

How did Roosevelt expand the federal government’s responsibilities to:
-Bank Holiday - When 90 precent of banks closed to quit panic with civilians, it was passed on March 9, 1933. The Bank Holiday closed down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.The Emergency Banking Act of 1933, passed by Congress on March 9, 1933, four days after FDR declared a nationwide bank holiday, combined with the Federal Reserve’s commitment to supply unlimited amounts of currency to reopened banks, created de facto 100 percent deposit insurance. The banks opend four days later and depositors stood in line to return their stashed cash to neighborhood banks. Within two weeks, Americans had redeposited more than half of the currency that they had squirreled away before the bank suspension.The stock market registered its approval as well. On March 15, 1933, the first day of trading after the extended closure, the New York Stock Exchange recorded the largest one-day percentage price increase ever. With the benefit of hindsight, the nationwide Bank Holiday and the Emergency Banking Act of March, 1933, ended the bank runs that had plagued the Great Depression. (Devin Durkin, and Josh Carnell)
 * protect the environment (e.g., Dust Bowl and the Tennessee Valley),
 * meet challenges of unemployment,
 * address the needs of workers, farmers, poor, and elderly
 * address public trust in economic institutions (banks)

“Those suffering hardship from no fault of their own have a right to call upon the government for aid.” This is what FDR argued before he signed the Social Security Act in 1935. This Social Security Act gave the government the role in providing support for the needy. Old-Age Insurance was key to this Act. This insurance granted retired people a pension, and to fund the pensions they used payroll tax or money taken directly from workers’ paychecks. Business leaders opposed the Old-Age Insurance because they argued that it takes too much money from the economy. The Social Security Act included Aid to Dependent Children (ADC). This helped children who’s fathers were dead, unemployed, or not living with the family. The Act also provided financial aid to the disabled and gave the states federal money to make temporary payments to the unemployed. At first, the Act excluded categories of labor. Employers of agriculture and domestic workers were not required to pay into the system. As a result of this, African Americans, migrant workers, and poor rural whites did not benefit from Social Security.
 * Social Security Act**
 * By: Makayla Stuart and Vanessa Ford**

The public work administration (PWA) was created in 1933 by congress. This granted $3 billion to build large public work projects. These projects were aimed to try and help employ more workers and to get workers temporary jobs by working on the projects. This did lower unemployment because of the substantial number of people who came to work on the projects. The main thing that the PWA tried to fix was the unemployment problem. This did succeed in making the unemployment rate drop and increasing the number of workers everywhere.
 * Public Work Administration**

Streets and highways was where most of the spending was at. With 11,428 roads made up 33% of the total budget. In second were schools with 7,448 schools making up 14% of the budget. Other major projects included the Fort Peck Dam in Montana. The Fort Peck Dam was one of the largest dams in the world, it continues to generate electricity even today. The project was also one of the biggest in the PWA as it employed 10,500 workers. Another major project made was the Lincoln Tunnel in New York City. The total cost of the project was $85,000,000 and was also one of the biggest projects made using the funding of the PWA. This project didn’t end the Great Depression but it did make the depression less painful on the people who gained jobs from this.

- Matt Vaccaro

The bank holiday was a holiday to stop people from withdrawing money from the banks and it helped the banks so they don’t go bankrupt and go out of business. It was important because it let banks breathe and let them build up trust so people would keep money in the banks. It got people out of the depression by putting money into the bank and let banks invest which kind of turned around the stocks but not by much though. It also helped to keep people’s money safe. If effected people because it arose a lot of panic. They wanted to make withdraws, but with the banks being closed, all they could do was sit and wait. Roosevelt started making broadcasts on the radio to keep the people informed on what he was doing. That brought a lot of relief to people and they trusted in his presidency. People still wanted to make withdraws and deposits, but they felt safer about their money after Roosevelt's broadcasts.
 * Bank Holiday (By: Parker, Alyssa, and Karisa)**

The Tennessee Valley Authority was formed in 1933 by Congress. It was an agency and they build giant dams along the Tennessee River. They believed that the dams would control flooding, cheap electricity, increase jobs, prosperity in one of the country’s rural areas. Some of the major goals of the Tennessee Valley Authority: In 1945 plants lit thousands of farms that never had electricity before. The TVA failed to relieve the region’s poverty. Conservations criticized TVA for driving some property owners off their land. They argued unfair government to complete with private power companies. Others claimed that TVA disrupted natural environment. TVA projects led to increase air population. In the 1930’s popular TVA seemed to symbolize government planning. The Region was one of the most disadvantaged in the South. Improved economic and social circumstances of the people living in the river basin. Some current information: The net income is 726 million dollars. Operating income is 1.97 billion dollars. Some key people of the TVA is Tom Kilgore.
 * Tennessee Valley Authority by: Meaghan Snyder, Cailie Bercaw**

The Tennessee Valley Authority and how it helped people during the Great Depression. It supplied jobs for people that way they could make money for their families. Then they built dams so that people could get electricity and to help control flooding. This gave many people electricity witch they did not have during the Great Depression. This is how the Tennessee Valley Authority.
 * Tennessee Valley By: Evan Cross**

The people’s reasons why they did not like it. The first reason people did not like it was because it rivaled the private electric companies. Then they said that it hurt the environment more then it helped it. These are the reasons why people did not like the Tennessee Valley Authority.


 * Aid to Families with Dependent Children By: Nicholas Austin and Jessica Donihue**

If you know of a family who gets help from the government, to buy food and other things that they need, then you know something about the Aid to Dependent Children. In 1962, Aid to Dependent Children changed their name to Aid to Families with Dependent Children. The program Aid to Families with Dependent Children helped many families finically. This program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, provided financial assistance to children whose families had low or no income. It also helped children who had either lost one or both of their parents. Once a child turned 16, they no longer got help from the government. In 1939, about one million people were enrolled into this program. At first, the families would not receive very much money, but as the years went on families would receive more money. By 1960, families were getting $115, and individual dependents would get $30 a month. Even though families would receive more money, each state would set it’s own standards as to how much help individual families got. Although these standards were set, for ever two dollars that the sate government gave a family, the federal government would give a dollar. Some people opposed, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, because they thought that it encouraged mothers to stay unmarried. Others believed that this program would encourage women to have more kids. Many people thought that this program would encourage mothers to find work in the work force. The Aid to Families with Dependent Children, was a great idea, and was in effect until 1996. But through those years many families were helped, some parents found jobs, and it left less people barley making it.

What were the consequences of New Deal policies??
=CCC By: Ruben and Travis=

The CCC stands for Civilian Conservation Corps. They where a public work relief program. There where men from ages 18-25. The years this when on was from 1933-42. The was part of the New Deal. This was put together by FDR. The CCC was made to give young people jobs and to provide help to families in the Great Depression. In the nine years that this when on 2.5 million young men where part of this. These men got payed 30 dollars a month and 25 dollars of this money when to there Parents. These young men live in camps where ever they went. They where more of a help to poor people. There where a lot of things that the CCC did to help people. One of the things is transportation. They helped fixed roads and made roads. Also they gave food to people that did not have food. They look at dams to make sure that they where safe. And they stocked fish in rivers for people to get this goes along with giving food to people. They cleaned up the rivers to they would be good for use. Also they planted crops for people to have food. They did all kind's of thing's to help people during the Great Depression.

The National Recovery was passed in 1933 during the Great Depression. It was part of FDR’s New Deal. Its goal was to help stimulate the economy buy creating a national public works program. This program allowed out of work Americans to work on public projects to make money. The National Recovery Act also protected collective bargaining. Collective bargaining is voluntary negotiations between employers and trade unions, which is an organization of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals. The National Recovery Act worked, but it worked slowly. Public works programs and the protection of collective bargaining helped the economy, but the economy was in so bad of a condition that it took years for the economy to get out of the Great Depression.
 * The National Recovery Act: By Russell and Rachel**

This act contained two main parts, act I consisted of industrial codes for fair competition, made their be a regulation for work standards and guaranteed trade right unions. Act II established the Public Works Administration that set up large scale jobs for the public. There came to be many many regulations for this Act (fair competition, trade right unions) and became very difficult so as a result, they lost a great amount of political support. After time, citizens and government officials decided that the Act promoted economically harmful monopolies and other problems with no solution. In 1935, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the Act was unconstitutional and that it infringed the Separation of Powers. The National Recovery Act stopped but many of its same rules were enforced again the National Labor Relations Act that was passed that same year.


 * NRA: Shanelle Engblom**

The National Recovery Act (NRA) was a part of the “first new deal” it was based on the Great Depression. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression following World World II. The NRA’s goal was to eliminate competition by brining industry, labor and government together. This program allowed out of work Americans to work on public projects to make money. The NRA declared that codes of fair competition should be developed through public hearings and it gave the administration the power to develop agreements with industries that deal with work hours, pay rates, and price fixing. The NRA took awhile to work but eventually it helped a little bit.

This had helped pull America through the depression because it made it where the government could help pay for other things. The payroll tax made American government more money for they could make new ideas, and help fund programs that put people to work. Even though people didn’t at first like the idea because they were bringing home less money, but they soon realized what a benefit this idea was.
 * Payroll Tax By: Jared Shepard**

This also had people looking forward to something when they got old because they didn’t have to work until they died. Before the payroll tax people had to literally work themselves to death. Whether it was from harsh conditions or just old age. People during this time could not afford to stop working because if they did they wouldn’t be bringing in any money. Also they couldn’t rely on their families because they were in just as bad as shape as they were. Roosevelt’s payroll tax was a great idea for this time, and to help bring America out of the Great Depression.

Some of the consequences of the fire side chat are from the companies. The fire side chat improved moral for many people. They felt better about having their money in a bank. The TVA accomplished its major goals. By 1945, power from TVA plants lit thousands of farms that had never before enjoyed electricity. Still, the TVA failed to relieve the region’s poverty. Conservatives criticized the TVA for driving some property owners off their land.
 * Consequences of the New Deal**

They also argued that it was unfair for the government to compete with private power companies. More recently, other critics have claimed that the TVA disrupted the natural environment and that some TVA projects led to increased air pollution.

Austin Witte and Michael Rumsey - British ships are evil!

FDR’s New Deal harmed many of poor people. Many people thought that Roosevelt’s New Deal was beneficial because they thought it was a good model for government policy. But it turns out that they were actually the victims because the New Deal tripled federal taxes from $1.6 billion in 1933 to $5.3 billion in 1940. The most important source was was the many taxes on alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, matches, candy, chewing gum, margarine, fruit juice, soft drinks, cars, tires (including tires on wheelchairs), telephone calls, movie tickets, playing cards, electricity, radios -- these and many other everyday things were subject to New Deal excise taxes, which meant that the New Deal was financed by the middle class and poor people. When you heard FDR’s “Fireside Chats,” you had to pay more taxes for a radio and electricity. Until1937 the New Deal revenue from taxes exceeded the combined revenue from both personal income taxes and corporate income taxes. It wasn’t until 1942 that income taxes exceeded excise taxes for the first time under FDR. So basically consumers had less money to spend and employers had less money for growth and jobs. In the 1930’s the unemployment was 17% and growing. He fixed this by making programs to address poverty such as social security and welfare. Some of those are the WPA and the PWA. FDR did not intend to harm millions of poor people but that what occurred so from that they should think of the consequences and the impact of their new policies.
 * Consequences of the New Deal-poor people: Anna Dendy and Logan Hooker**


 * Banking Crisis By Alexis and Katie**

During the “New Deal” Roosevelt did many things in hope of making the current time period to get better. He had been operations and projects that he hoped to achieve. One of the things he did to try to protect the nation was declare a four day bank holiday. People were taking all their money out of the banks and it was killing the entire country. Roosevelt figured if the banks were closed then people couldn’t take money out. His goal was to save whatever he could of what there was left of the banks. He closed the banks for four days calling it a holiday. After closing the banks Roosevelt came out and did a live broadcasting over the radio. This was the first time a president had done something like this. The impact that the broadcast had was enormous.

On March 12th, 1933 Roosevelt did a radio broadcast informing America about the banking situation. In this radio broadcast he talked about what he had done and why it was necessary. This message was very powerful to American’s and changed their opinion on where they should keep their life’s savings. There was proof of this in letters that Roosevelt received from your average American. Just because of this they were either going to put their money back in the banks or actually leave their money in the bank. The radio broadcast changed a lot of people’s mind.

Overall Roosevelt was very effective in his goal. His entire purpose in doing the holiday was to stop the depression worse. Doing the holiday and the radio combined definitely did this. This shows how much Roosevelt was committed to trying to help the nation get better. In this situation Roosevelt did an amazing job and many American’s looked up to him and also realized this.

**The National Recovery Administration by Logan Inman** The National Recovery Administration was founded due to the New Deal implemented by Roosevelt. The National Recovery Administration was created in 1933, its purpose being to eliminate competition among businesses by joining industry, labor, and government together and setting fair prices and codes. The NRA’s symbol was a blue eagle and its supporters displayed the emblem very actively. This administration was a result of the National Industry Recovery Act, founded to improve the nations economy and industrial behaviors. The NRA allowed for industry heads to join together and negotiate rules and guidelines to avoid conflict and achieve fair competition. The NRA also helped workers because it made their working hours and wages more solid and dependable, there was to be no more confusion affiliated with labor expectations. In 1935, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled this administration as unconstitutional and forced the NRA into ceasing its practices. This is interesting because many of the main ideas involved in the NRA were later added into the National Labor Relations Act approved that same year.

It was made in May 1933 by the congressional charter to supply power. It started out as a stretch of the Tennessee River where the river drops 140 feet in 30 miles. They bought this piece of land with intentions to build a dam so that it would generate enough electricity to power cities. It acts primarily as an electric power whole sellers, selling to 156 retail power distributors and 56 directly served industrial or government customers. The power cost $693 per year and the average family made about $1000 a year leaving about $307 for food and other expenses per family. In 2009, TVA signed 20-year power purchase agreements with Maryland-based CVP Renewable Energy Co. and Chicago-based Invenergy Wind LLC for electricity generated by wind farms.
 * TVA by James and Lance**

**Public Work Administration**
By: Kereina Sanders

=
The (PWA) was organized to help those needed work the administration had them build large public-work projects. They built New York's Lincoln Tunnel, Florida's Key Highway, and etc. The government designed it to help many families and they deported the Mexicans so they only had the whites. they had jobs for them whenever something needed built. The depression had a hard toll on the 1920s so there were many things that they tryed to add to the government system and the PWA had helped many people.======

**Banking Crisis (Daylon Ulrich and Chase Harvey)**  Banks around America were closing and people were frantic taking money out of the closing banks. This was hurting the country and something needed to be done. People had no money from the depression so they needed money so as the banks were closing people were trying to take out money. The banks were getting rushed by people trying to take out money.

 Roosevelt decided to take action. He declared a bank holiday closing banks for 4 days. This gave banks a break from people taking out money. Also Roosevelt did a radio broadcast letting people know that their money was safe and the banks could be relied on.

**Social Security Act- By: Jordan Inman and Logan Otis**  One of the acts during the new deal was the Social Security act. It was established in 1935 by president Roosevelt. The Social Security act gave the federal government a major and lasting role in providing support for the needy. This made it so Old people received a pension after retirement. Also this act provided money for children whose fathers were dead, unemployed, or didn’t live with the family. Aid to dependent children granted federal money to states to help the mothers to stay home and raise their children.

 The Social Security act also provided financial aid for disabled people and gave the states federal money to make temporary payments to the unemployed. You had to pay into the Social security in order to get the money back that you needed. At first, employers of agricultural and domestic workers were not required to pay into the system. As a result, many African Americans, migrant workers, and poor rural whites did not benefit from Social Security.

 Overall social security was a good thing. We still use it today for many of the same causes. It helped people out for those who needed it. FDR did a good thing by proposing the Social Security Act of the New Deal in 1935.

===Tennessee Valley Authority :Justin Jones & Nathan Keeton  President Franklin Roosevelt needed innovative solutions if the New Deal was to lift the nation out of the depths of the Great Depression. And Tennessee Valley Authority was one of his most innovative ideas. Roosevelt envisioned Tennessee Valley Authority as a totally different kind of agency. He asked Congress to create “a corporation clothed with the power of government but possessed of the flexibility and initiative of a private enterprise.” On May 18, 1933, Congress passed the Tennessee Valley Authority act It help proved Energy to people in Tennessee Valley area. It Help by putting dam’s in the Tennessee Valley so people can get Energy in thins area. Tennessee Valley Authority developed fertilizers, taught farmers how to improve crop yields, and helped replant forests, control forest fires, and improve habitat for wildlife and fish. The most dramatic change in regional life came from the electricity generated by Tennessee Valley Authority dams. Last it help with jobs for people. ===

Sheldon Edwards: (CCC): It was a corporation that was helping people get jobs and help the environment at the same time. The Civilian Conservation Corps was hiring people to do normal things like plant trees, dig wells, and help build things like companies and buildings. Many of the workers were helping in parks, and in small cities, they were paying little to the workers but at least it was better than no job. And them helping the people influenced other companies to do the same. The (CCC) was only one of a few companies that was providing jobs for the people who needed them most, so that the people could get money for their families. So that their families would not go hungry and they were also helping the environment at the same time.

Tyler Loughman- National recovery administration- The goal for the National recovery Administration act was to help and restore employment. They also wanted to Regenerate industrial help. This system had its ups and downs, but for the most part it succeeded in raising prices. The NRA was a stable while boosting employment and buying power. However most of the country's major industries agreed to pay the workers minimum wage.... However in order for that to happen they had to stop hiring chi9ldren, and they had to keep wages and prices from falling to an absolute low. Some of the harsh critics charged some of the agency codes and when they did they favored the large type of buisnesses. Overall the NRA had failed to improve the economy.

**Banking Holiday By: Mercedes Vond** <span style="display: block; font: 12px Optima; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; text-align: justify;">**Roosevelt was a part of the depression because he tried to help people overcome the Great Depression because he made a holiday on March 6, 1933 so that they’d close the banks so know body can draw money. Roosevelt used currency provisions in the act to encourage the people of the Federal Reserve to create 100% deposits deposits in insurance. Then he explained the Fireside Chat on March 12,1933. The Americans responded by returning there money into the banks within 2 weeks. Roosevelt starting broadcasting over the radio about People still wanted to make withdraws and deposits, but they felt safer about their money after Roosevelt's broadcasts.**

Banking Crisis by Austin Wolfinger and Ashley Nivison
During the Great Depression, many people lost trust in the national banks around the nation. There was many people that went their banks and made them give them all of the money that they had because they were scared that if it stayed in the bank any longer that they would never see it again. Since so many people were demanding to get their money, over 90% of the banks throughout the entire U.S. shut down.

Soon after people started demanding their money out of banks, President Roosevelt declared a 4 day bank holiday that made all the banks in the United states shut down for four days to try stop all the people from panicking and drawing their money out. After four days, the government slowly started to check every bank in the United States to see if they had enough money to open back up. If they did then they opened and if they didn’t the Government would try and get them enough money too.

After the bank holiday, many American’s went and put their money back into the banks. Doing this, also improved the stock market a lot and helped to get through the Great Depression quicker.

//__**TVA by Chaise White and Mckenna Edwards**__//

The Tennessee Valley Authority made a change for the Americas. They made dams that controlled flooding, provide cheap electricity, and increase jobs and prosperity in one of the countries poorest areas. It worked for most of the major reasons, besides the poverty. The TVA also made a change in the air pollution, it increased it. It did this because TVA disrupted the natural environment, only some of the TVA projects led to the air pollution.

The dams that were built along the Tennessee river were important for building a community and creating a sign of life. The builders people thought that by building these damns it would stop flooding, provide cheap electricity, increase jobs and prosperity in one of the poorest areas. This worked it way into place but the great depression didn’t help any. People had gotten jobs form this and electricity as well. But it didn’t work as well as they thought it would. Some think it increased air pollution but who really knew the answer to all this.

Aid to Dependent Children- Brianna Burnham and Grace Hilarides

During the great depression families were under a terrific amount of stress. Because of the loss of jobs the men in the family would often leave in order to find work. Sometimes the men would pass on or not be living at home. Either way mothers were left caring for their children alone. Money was scarce, food was scarce, and shelter was scarce. We had to help out the mothers in need. Aid to Dependent Children or ADC was title 4 of the Social Security Act of 1935. It was written by Grace Abbott and Katherine Lenroot. It was federal grants to help the states maintain their mothers’ aid laws. It’s goal was to help children whose fathers were dead, not working, or not living in the same home. The grants made it possible for mothers to stay home and take care of their children. It gave ADC I think worked very well. It gave money to mothers so they could take care of their children. Also this is still being used. It was changed to Aid to Families with Dependent Children or ADFC. If the act is still being used, that is a good sign that it was a good idea and it worked well. ADC helped America through the depression. Without this mothers and children would be struggling. Mothers would have to work leaving the children with no one to look after them.

The Works Progress Administration - Audrey Robertson and Cody Cable

During the Great Depression, unemployment became a huge issue. Manufacturer’s were struggling because they were producing more than American’s could purchase. Seeing this, business leaders cut back on the amount of goods produced, and now needed less workers to meet declining demand. They began to lay off people, and unemployment rates began to rise. By 1933, one out of every four Americans were out of a job. This is the highest unemployment rate the nation had seen so far. President Roosevelt issued Congress to put the Works Progress Administration as part of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act passed in 1935. The Works Progress Administration put millions of people to work building or repairing public buildings. Between 1935 and 1943 it employed and provided income to over 3 million people. Administrator Harry Hopkins was given $4.8 million to do public service projects that would improve the country both with structures and by making things better. Workers paved 650,000 miles of road, built 75,000 bridges, and constructed over 800 airports. Government officials also hired artists to paint murals on buildings such as post offices and other government buildings. Writers were hired to write stories, histories, and state guides. The WPA also distributed food, clothing, and housing to the poor. Many of it’s projects involved repairing and making things better. WPA workers cleaned up slums and extended electrical power to rural areas. They also put on theater productions in communities. The WPA supplied millions of people with a steady income. It employed almost 21% of the nations unemployed. It’s projects helped the environment, and also made America a more beautiful place, by cleaning parks and painting murals on buildings. However, for all the good that the Works Progress Administration did, it failed to solve the problem of the Great Depression.